I am a Lutheran. I believe that the Bible is God’s true, inspired, inerrant Word. I believe that the Lutheran Confessions correctly explain the Scriptural Christian doctrine to apply what Scripture teaches to defend the true doctrine against error. I serve Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church in Yorba Linda, California, which is a member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Grace congregation called me because I share its doctrinal convictions, and is a member of the WELS because the church body, in doctrine and practice, believes the same thing. I am a baptized child of God. I was baptized as a baby. My wife was baptized as an adult. We had our children baptized as infants. Christians do not all believe the same thing concerning Baptism. Some maintain that the differing teachings on baptism are unimportant. I and my church, however, believe that Scripture does teach clearly concerning baptism and it is an important article of doctrine to us.
Baptism is one of the two sacraments Jesus instituted for his followers so that, along with the Word of the gospel (good news) we can have a visible gospel. In Baptism, we use water together with the Word of God. According to the promise of God, Baptism is a means or instrument by which the Holy Spirit brings us the gift of faith, forgiveness, new life, and salvation. Our Lord Jesus Christ instituted and commanded baptism in Matthew 28:19: “Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.” Note that “all nations” includes all people, regardless of age. To limit Jesus’ command to adults only is a human addition to scripture.
St. Peter, addressing the people who gathered in Jerusalem on Pentecost, said in Acts 2:38-39: “Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ so that your sins may be forgiven. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. The promise is for you and your children….” Note that Peter explicitly includes children with all human beings in his command to baptize. Peter promises the gift of the Holy Spirit and forgiveness of sins. In later years, St. Peter writes in his first epistle, “This water [the water of Noah’s flood; see the prior verse] symbolizes baptism that now saves you also…” (3:21). The promise of salvation is connected with baptism.
Jesus, in agreement with the Old Testament, teaches that children are born sinful, having inherited the guilt and sin of Adam. Jesus said, “Flesh (sinful nature) gives birth to flesh but the Spirit gives birth to spirit” (John 3:6). David testifies in Psalm 51:5, “Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me.” God created Adam “in his own image” (Genesis 1:26) but when Adam, after the fall into sin, had a son, his son was born in Adam’s image (Genesis 5:3), that is, with sinfulness. Because of sin, we are not born as righteous children of God. We need to be born again (John 3:6). We need to be brought into the family of God (Galatians 3:26,27) and we need the forgiveness of sins (Acts 2:38-39). This includes little children. Babies certainly appear innocent and pure, but Scripture clearly teaches that we are from birth, and even before, in need of forgiveness. Baptism conveys what we need.
Children, even babies, can believe in Jesus. Faith is not something that we conjure up from within ourselves, but it is a gift from God. In Luke 18:15-17 and in Matthew 18:6, Jesus speaks of little children, even babies who were brought to him, as being able to believe and to receive the kingdom (ruling activity) of God. While babies cannot express that faith yet in words, that does not mean faith cannot exist.
Baptism is not a good work performed by people. Baptism is a means of grace. Just as it is not a meritorious good work to listen to the gospel but rather the gospel is a means or instrument by which God conveys the gift of faith through hearing (Romans 10:17), so salvation comes through the Holy Spirit by means of baptism as St. Paul writes in Titus 3:5, “He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal of the Holy Spirit.”
Jesus commands not only baptism, but also teaching, as ways we are to make disciples. That is why when a baby is baptized the parents, as well as all who witness the baptism, promise to do all they can to ensure the child will learn the truths of the gospel. The parents have a solemn responsibility to do this. When an older child or an adult desires to be baptized, usually instruction in the gospel precedes the baptism. This follows an example set by St. Paul when he instructed the jailer at Philippi, then baptized him and his household.
What about those who die without being baptized? We say that baptism is necessary, but we do not say baptism is absolutely necessary. Faith in the completed work of Jesus’ perfect life, innocent death, and resurrection is what saves. John the Baptist expressed faith when he leaped in Elizabeth’s womb as Mary, who was carrying the Christ-child in her womb, greeted her (Luke 1:41). King David comforted himself with the fact that he would go to his son, who died at one week old, (2 Samuel 12:23) and see him again. Babies who, according to the providence of God, never have the chance to receive baptism, we entrust to a merciful and just God. Lack of baptism does not condemn a person. Despising or neglecting baptism, however, is to sin against God.
The Greek word “Baptize” means to apply water. Jesus talks about the Pharisees practicing the baptism of their hands, eating utensils and vessels, and even dining couches or cushions (Mark 7:3,4; note that the Greek text uses the verb baptize). If baptism can be applied to dining couches, which would certainly not have been immersed in water, then baptism cannot be limited only to full immersion under the water. Other methods of baptism are also valid according to the definition and use of the word, such as pouring or sprinkling the water. This method was practiced in the early centuries of the Christian church, as is demonstrable from the words of church fathers, art, and artifacts of the time. It is true that full immersion is the picture of baptism St. Paul uses in Romans 6, when he speaks of being buried with Christ in baptism and emerging from the water being joined with Christ in his resurrection (Rom. 6:3,4). But this is a picture Paul uses, not a command that baptism always must be done in this way.
Some churches speak of baptism as an act of obedience, a public testimony, or confession of faith. It is all of these, at least for an adult and for parents who bring a child to be baptized, but it is also more. To limit baptism to an act of obedience or a public statement of faith makes baptism seem like a human work, and Christians agree that we are not saved by works but by faith in Christ. Some churches also teach that children are not sinful from birth and therefore do not need to be baptized. On the basis of the Scriptures quoted above, we maintain that a denial of original sin and guilt is a false doctrine. Babies are born sinful and need to be born again spiritually.
Some speak of a protective umbrella that is placed over infants and small children because of the faith of their Christian parents. This is not a teaching found in the Bible. Some have written that if a child dies before reaching the “age of accountability” he or she goes to heaven regardless of faith, new birth, or personal reception of God’s forgiveness won by Christ. This is not taught in the Bible.
Circumcision was practiced in the Old Testament among the people of Israel for every boy at the age of eight days. This rite joined the child to the covenant, and signified his adoption into the family of God. There are obvious parallels between infant baptism and circumcision. Both are sacraments of “initiation.” In Colossians 2:11-13, St. Paul calls baptism the “circumcision of Christ.”
Those who deny baptism to infants often point out the fact that no example of infant baptism is specifically mentioned in Scripture. This is a weak argument, called an “argument from silence.” To that criticism we would point to Jesus’ command to baptize “all nations,” and Peter’s inclusion of children in his Pentecost speech. We could also point to baptisms of entire households, for example, the household of Cornelius in Acts 10:24, the household of Lydia in Acts 16:15, and the entire household of the jailer at Philippi in Acts 16:28-36. In Acts 18:8, Crispus and “all who were in his home” were baptized. In 1 Corinthians 1:16, Paul says he baptized the household of Stephanas. In none of these households does it say that small children were prevented from being baptized. We could also note that there is no example in Scripture of an adult being baptized after being raised in a Christian, believing home.
You may not have been convinced by this little essay. In a spirit of humility and Christian love, I invite you to talk with me so that we can address your concerns. I would ask one thing: even if you are not convinced of the need and validity of baptism for your baby, what would be the harm? Even if I am wrong, would baptism hurt the child in any way? He or she could always be baptized again later. If this article of doctrine is inconclusive, as some claim, shouldn’t we rather err on the side of caution? I would rather stand before God on the day of judgment and explain why I baptized babies, than to have to explain why I prevented the little children from receiving it.